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Pantheon A Masterpiece of Roman Architecture - 725 Words

Il Pantheon (Pantheon) â€Å"pan† means all, â€Å"theon† means God. It is a preserved intact Roman Empire building, located in the centre of Rome, Italy. It was built in 27-25 BC by Marcus Agrippa, and Emperor Hadrian rebuilt it in 125 AD. Pantheon is a masterpiece of Roman architecture; it was a unique building that combined two different styles. Michelangelo praised it as an angel design. It becomes the object of learning of Italian architects during Renaissance. Besides, many famous artists such as Raphael were buried here, but also the kings like Vittorio Emanuele II and Umberto I. In 609 AD, Byzantine Emperor dedicated Pantheon to Pope Boniface IV; the Pope renamed it as Santa Maria ad Martyrs, which is the official name of the Pantheon today. Nowadays, Pantheon is still used as a Catholic church; the people will celebrate the Mass and wedding there. It is also a world-famous tourist attraction. B a. Holly Hayes discovered that Pantheon was built by Octavians lieutenant Agrippa about 27 BC in order to commemorate Octavian defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra in the Battle of Actium. Pantheon was used as a temple to worship the gods of Olympia Mountains during that period but this original temple was destroyed by fire in AD 80. It only left a rectangular portico and 16 12.5-meter-high granite columns, which was later rebuilt as part of the pantheon porch. In AD 125 years, the Roman Emperor Hadrian rebuilt the building. Hadrian was not only a wise emperor, he also an architectShow MoreRelatedPantheon and Hagia Sophia863 Words   |  4 PagesPantheon and Hagia Sophia Pantheon and Hagia Sophia are two extremely outstanding architectural pieces of their times. They have been built according to the traditions of those particular times. 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This essay will describe the style and function of each building as well as the similarities and differences between ancient Greece and Rome in four characters including history, design, usage, and similarity. 1.History Rome’s Pantheon – one of the greatest spiritual buildings in the world. The temple is devoted to the gods of ancient Rome. The name â€Å"Pantheon†Read More Jefferson Memorial and the Pantheon Essays1347 Words   |  6 PagesMemorial and the Pantheon The Jefferson Memorial is a testimonial to the past, present, and future of the United States. Its architecture, like most neo-Classical buildings, gives a sense of permanence. This permanence has a history far older than many would suspect. Centuries ago and thousands of miles away a building was erected that would later become the model for which many other buildings, including the Jefferson Memorial, are based upon. This building is the Roman Pantheon. Though the JeffersonRead MoreRoman architecture was responsible for developing many different building styles and techniques and1700 Words   |  7 PagesRoman architecture was responsible for developing many different building styles and techniques and the creation of various new ones. Ancient Rome expanded quickly from a small town (founded in 753bc) situated on the Tiber River, to an empire with one fifth of the world’s population under its control. This displayed the strength that they possessed, and the control of many different cultures led to the acquisition of a range of typologies. The result of the architectural influence of other nationsRead MoreClassical Societies Essay1135 Words   |  5 PagesParthenon from the Classical Greece period, the Nike of Samothrace from the Hellenistic Greece period, the Capitoline She-Wolf from the Etruscan Civilization, a Roman Patrician with Busts of His Ancestors from the Roman Republic, and Pantheon from the Roman Empire civilization. The Parthenon is a perfect example of the Doric style of architecture from the Classical Greek period. The Parthenon was built 448-432 BCE and it was made of marble. It is a temple dedicated to the Goddess Athena. The Greeks

How far has current social work organisation and practice been shaped by the values of the Enlightenment Free Essays

In the following assignment, I will briefly define the ‘Enlightenment’ and the specific circumstances when it emerged. I will identify and discuss, if the ‘Enlightenment’ has core values and I will give reasons to backup my decisions. Then there will be a brief discussion about the current features of Social Work organisation and anti-discriminatory practice in relation to women. We will write a custom essay sample on How far has current social work organisation and practice been shaped by the values of the Enlightenment? or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will explain if the current feature of Social Work Practice demonstrates any link with the ‘Enlightenment’ values. Due to word limitation, it is difficult to discuss and analyse all of the ‘Enlightenment’ values. I will focus on two of the values: ‘tolerance and freedom’ to discuss and analyse them with the conjunction of the Social Work Practice. Benson et al (cited in Spybey, T. 1997) explains that â€Å"The ‘Enlightenment’ is a term used to describe those thinkers of the eighteenth century who established the basis of looking at the society in a scientific way†. The’ Enlightenment’ movements started in 16th and 17th century. Thus â€Å"It’s roots go much farther back in western history and it continued to develop long after the 18th century, Hollinger (1994) calls it â€Å"a programme for improving human life was worked out†. It took place in 18th century but mainly in the second half of the18th century, French educated men and women called themselves ‘Philosophes’ who became known as the ‘Enlightenment’. According to Porter (1990 cited in Hall et al 1992: 24) â€Å"The Enlightenment was the era which saw the emergence of a secular intelligentsia large enough and powerful enough for the first time to challenge the clergy. The key domain in which ‘Enlightenment’ intellectuals involved in supporting existing, man and society, which was sustained by the church authority and it’s monopoly over the information media of the time†. The ‘Enlightenment’ challenged the traditional and religious views and ideas. The society, the world, human-beings and nature, all were seen in the light of the traditional and religious views which were dominated by Christianity. Hamilton (1997 cited in Handouts, 2003) and Hall et al (1992: 7) explains that â€Å"From around 1760, â€Å"A perspective summed up in Voltaire’s phrase ‘à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½crasez l’infame’: means ‘crush the infamous thing’ and †¦ it became a nutritious catchphrase†. It opposed the Catholic Church and religious beliefs for example Script of Bible, miracles associated with Jesus and other prophets, God and angel’s existence, the church’s authority and people’s beliefs were criticized, which were based on the religion and tradition. Hall et al (1992: 20) expresses that â€Å"The ‘Enlightenment is the foundation of ‘Modernity’ and ‘Modern Social Science’. It changed the way of thinking by comprehending it as systematic, scientific and practical†. Its emergence gave ‘Philosophes’ a wider scoops to explore beyond their religious and traditional beliefs. It created an atmosphere for ‘Philosophes’ to believe in the â€Å"pre-eminence of empirical, materialist knowledge: the model in this respect furnished by science, an enthusiasm for technological and medical progress and a desire for legal and constitutional reform† (Johnson, I. Handouts: 2003). Basically, the ‘Enlightenment laid a foundation for people to think liberally and have some sense of equality in the society. In my view, the above significant factors were the bases of the ‘Enlightenment’s values, which let the ‘Enlightenment’ develop and progress steadily. Because it was the first time when it was made possible for people to explore and express their personal beliefs and view and test the validity of their thoughts, through scientific, systematic ways and without being bounded by religious and traditional restrictions. The ‘Enlightenment’ values brought in changes and development in the society and in the people’s views and thoughts. It set the milestone for our new modern world that we live in today. It also opened up the opportunities for ‘Philosophes’ to work, explore and experiment in a wider context and relay their ideas and views with some freedom. It abolished the traditional and superstitious thoughts and prejudices. It created opportunities for legal and religious reformation to take place. I think that all the changes and development have only taken place because the ‘Enlightenment’ values were in existence and were strong enough to challenge the strongest authority; the churches of that time. As churches and its authorities have had a great influence and power over people, economy, politics, law, social, every day life even the ruler/s of that time. Hall et al (1992: 21-22) had defined the core values of the ‘Enlightenment’ which are summarised as the following: * Reason (nationality): systemized acquaintances (pragmatic or experimented). * Empiricism: human-beings; views and awareness that being gained through their perceptions and judgements. * Science: based on scientific methods and theories and can be tested systematically and scientifically. * Universalism: motives and science can be functional in all and every situation; if the principal were the same. * Progress: the concept of improvement in the natural and social conditions of human beings. * Individualism: a society is based on the thoughts and beliefs of its members and each member id origin of all â€Å"knowledge and action and his reasons can not be subjective to a higher authority. * Toleration: the notion of that all human-beings are essentially the same, despite their religious or moral convictions and that the beliefs of other races and civilization not inherently inferior to those of European Christianity. * Freedom: an opposition to feudal and traditional constraints or on believes: trades, communication, social interaction, sexuality, and ownership of property (although as we shall see the extension of freedom to women and the lower-classes was problematic for Philosophies)† (Hall et al. 1992: 22-23). * Uniformity of human nature: all the humankinds are the same all around the world. * Secularism: non-religious and non-traditional authorities and an opposition to the traditional religious authority and myths. Now, I will discuss the ‘Enlightenment’s values: ‘toleration’ and ‘freedom’ in the correlation with the current Social Work practice especially in relation to anti-discriminatory practice regarding to women, to establish if the Enlightenment’s values are linked or have influenced Social Work practice. I have experienced through my work experience with different communities that generally, women are treated unfairly and unequally in the society at most levels. Women have less freedom and rights than men. Globally, the women of 21th century are still struggling to gain an equal place as men in the society. Guru (2003: class-notes) stresses that â€Å"From birth to death women have to struggle in their lives to access their rights e.g welfare, personal, social, political, human, cultural, traditional, religious, labourer, employment†. The Social Work emphasises strongly on anti-oppressive and anti-discriminatory practice. â€Å"During the late 1980s social work education became increasingly aware of the impact of oppression and discrimination on clients and communities. There was a growing and recognition of relative neglect of such issues in traditional approaches to social work in 1989, the Central Council for Education and Training in Social (CCETSW) laid down the regulations and requirements for the students† of Social work to practice in anti- discriminatory ways. †¦CCETSW also seek to ensure that students are prepared to combat other forms of discrimination based on age, gender, sexual orientation, class, disability, culture or creed† (CCETSW 1989: 10 cited in Thompson, N. 1997: 1). The change in the CCETSW’s regulation indicates that the discrimination still exists especially against certain groups and women are one of them and there is a need to combat discrimination. Moreover, it also states that it was recognised that the discrimination was linked with ‘traditional approaches’. It may mean that the ‘traditional views’ still exists in our today’s society, which the ‘Enlightenment’ wanted to get rid of, to give people ‘freedom’ and to promote equality for all individuals without their differences they had through ‘toleration’. Obviously, the â€Å"Enlightenment certainly propagated concept of equality (limited), democracy and emancipation †¦.† (Hall et al.1992: 33). But when it comes to women then it seems like that the women were almost invisible in the ‘Enlightenment’. Hall et al (1992: 60) expressed that â€Å"There was no Enlightenment for women. However they (Enlightenment) challenged the champion the rights of commons, the rights of Citizens, slaves, Jews, Indians and children but not those of women†. Under the ‘Enlightenment’s values of ‘toleration and freedom’: â€Å"all the human-beings are essentially the same† but it was not applied to women. Porter (2001: 69) explains that â€Å"The ‘Enlightenment’ helped to free a man from his past†¦.by declaring that â€Å"all human-beings are equal despite their race, religion, beliefs, civilization and moral convictions†¦ and Lock (1992 referred in Hall et al. 1992: 66) adds in that according to the ‘Enlightenment’, â€Å"Every man has an equal right ‘to his natural freedom†. Similar, the ‘Code of Practice for Social Care Worker (CPSCW) requires that the social care workers must â€Å"promote equal opportunities for service users and†¦ respecting diversity and different cultures and values† (GSCC, 2002: 1.5-1.6). Moreover, the Social work values emphasises that the social workers should â€Å"identifies and question their own values and prejudices, and their implication of practice;†¦ and they should â€Å"Respect and value uniqueness and adversity†¦.and identify (discrimination), analyse and take action to counter discrimination, racism, disadvantage, inequality and injustice using strategies appropriate to role and context† (CCETSW, paper 30 referred in UB. 2002: 6). Social work is not focusing on certain and specific groups or people where as the ‘Enlightenment’ was concerned with the specific group/s of the society. The ‘freedom’ and ‘toleration’ was for certain maters and specific groups but there were n laid rules or principals for ‘Philosophes’ to follow and the ‘Philosophes’ themselves were a small group of people. Therefore, the social work value gave people a direct power to clients by letting them choosing and decide for themselves and social worker are advised to â€Å"promote opportunities for people to use their own strengths to make decisions for themselves (CCETSW, paper 30 cited in UB. 2002: 4). In other words, social work has widened the concept of ‘freedom’ and ‘toleration’ by being considerate for all members of the community, which is now-a-days known as ‘anti-discrimination’, freedom of choice’ and ‘equalityâ⠂¬â„¢. It demonstrates that the ‘Enlightenment’ have given the idea and Social work made it possible for people by assisting clients and by practicing it physically. That does not mean that the social work have followed the ‘Enlightenment’ concept and values unswervingly. But initially, the idea was there to follow and it may be possible that the ‘feminist’ movements got the idea from the ‘Enlightenment’ and modified it according to the current needs. Thompson (1997: 8) described that the â€Å"influence of feminism in sociology was beginning to extend to social policy in general and social work in particular†. Lagan et al (1992: 112-120) agreed with this statement by accentuating that the feminism had great influence on social work theories. Social work had contributed to help women to achieve political, economical, educational, legal and social rights. For example, Beloff (1976 referred in Thompson, N. 1997: 5) argues that the â€Å"legislation changes were part of women liberal programme of reform e.g. rights for divorce, Equal Pay Act 1970 , Sex Discrimination Act 1975†. The social work worked itself and worked with ‘feminist and liberal movements’ to fight for ‘women’s rights’. Although, the social work has adopted the ideas from ‘feminists’ or other liberal movements but the social work can be distinguished from other movements. Initially, it worked with and for all groups and classes. Second, it developed rapidly and extensively in many areas of social issues such as children, disabled people, aged, ethnic minorities, poor and othe rs. The women have developed and have gained rights with the help of social work. Social work has made and is making a useful contribution for women rights and for their development. Lagan et al (1992: 40) emphasis that the â€Å"Social work is mainly done by the Female Social workers and with the Female clients†¦. As being women, Social workers shared the common understanding and experiences, as very much like their clients†. That made the social work to approach most women in the society at all levels and to help eliminate women’s social problems and raise issues which needed to be address to combat oppression and discrimination. We see the Western Women as ‘Modern’, independent, intellectual, and strong. But it can be argued that the women are still at disadvantage in the society. Many national studies and statistics show that â€Å"Overall, women are disadvantaged in health, education, economy, politics, and employment and through out the system† (Carter, A. 1988: 77-112). However, we can not deny the fact that women have been victimized by the system and the society. Despite the social work practice and attempts for women’s rights, â€Å"there are still gaps and work needs to be done in accordance to give women equal rights† (Surrinder, G.2003). It is true that media has blamed social work practice in the past and social workers are seen as government’s representatives and according to Murphy (2003: 7) the Social workers are not very much liked by the general public. There are also issues regarding to social worker’s practice e.g. practicing in ‘traditional’ way due to personal prejudices, which has oppressed the clients and has stigmatized the social work itself. Thompson (1997: 11) emphasise that the â€Å"†¦social work practice which does not take account of oppression and discrimination can not be seen as ‘good practice†¦.†. The ‘bad practice’ is portrayed through the media but the good practice is not awarded and neither praised by media. The social work constantly reviews the policies to encounter prejudices and emphasises high on anti-discriminatory practice. In conclusion, I agree with Hall et al (1992: 266) that the â€Å"Enlightenment’ played a part in †¦abolition of prejudice and superstition†¦and has given freedom to man†. I would say that where the ‘Enlightenment’ movements have played a vital role in the modern thinking and have given the initiative idea of the ‘Toleration and freedom’, which now has taken a new shape of ‘equality and anti-discrimination’ within a broader context. But at same time, the ‘Enlightenment’ has indirectly contributed against women. Maybe it was due to ‘unintended consequences’ (Johnson, I. 2003: 2), which were not identified, measured and recognised by the ‘Enlightenment’ or may be ‘Enlightenment did not want to recognise it. As ‘Enlightenment’ was a men dominated movement. It may have contributed to prejudice and discriminate women by not including and involving them at the very early stage of the ‘Enlightenment’ movements. And that could be the cause that women’s voice for their rights was an echo in the vacuum and was not heard till lately. Therefore, social work has worked extensively for women’s rights but there is still a lot of work that needs to be done. My suggestion is that the social work should identify oppression and discrimination and combat it at personal levels first and then at institutional levels. This action should not only be taken by the professionals but all the individuals should get involved in it. Otherwise, just like the ‘Enlightenment’: left the women behind, the individuals will be imperceptible and power will shift to the professionals who will take over. If it will happen then it may take us back to the early ‘Enlightenment’ age, where only the ‘Enlightenment’ educated, had the power and voice. How to cite How far has current social work organisation and practice been shaped by the values of the Enlightenment?, Papers

Global Practices Of Corpora Responsibility -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Global Practices Of Corpora Responsibility? Answer: Introducation Milton Friedman took the shareholders approach in dealing with social responsibility of a company. He was of the opinion that a company should have nothing to do with social responsibility to the society or the public because the only responsibility of the company is to increase its profit and increase the shareholders wealth (HaerensZott, 2014). The economist further suggested that the shareholders in their private capacity are the ones responsible for the social responsibility. In his book called Capitalism and Freedom. He introduced the concept of totalitarianism where he argued that when a company concerns themselves in community development rather than making profits, the company suffers. Friedman suggests that the business has only one social responsibility and this is to use its resources to make engagements that increase its profits and increase the shareholders wealth. However, the business must stay within the rules of the game and those are to engage in open and super free competitive business model without fraud and deception (Hunnicutt, 2009). The stakeholders theory is inconsistent with corporate social responsibility. Some argue that the theory is contradictory as in an instance of a disaster like flooding or hurricane, the company is obligated to provide goods and services to help the same stakeholders it is required not to help according to Milton Friedman. This will moreover bolster a better relationship between the company and the stakeholders and it would be in its best interest. According to freeman and Evan, they advanced the Rawlsian social contract in stakeholders theory. It has three main parts which fails to specifically bolster the theory of stakeholders and fails to demonstrate any rationality of institutional rules adaptation (Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility, 2009). It argues on only competitive and profitable companies are able to contribute in the long term to sustainable development by creating wealth and employment without endangering the social and environmental needs of society. In fact, only profitable companies are sustainable and have the capacity to carry out socially responsible practices. Traditionally this responsibility has been translated into the search for maximum benefit and maximum value for the shareholder as well as optimal efficiency and productivity(Corporate Social Responsibility, Corporate Restructuring and Firm's Performance, 2010). In other words, maximize profits and production with the resources that are available. Stakeholders analysis as a process of ethical values A lot has been written about stakeholder analysis as a process in which ethical values are introduced into decision making by the management. According to Goodpaster and Mathews a company is morally obligated to provide CSR activities to its stakeholders.CSR is related to the "business ethics" movement and that of fair Trade.However, the philanthropic actions of a company or a entrepreneur are related to their core activities, while CSR is one of the dimensions of the main activity of the company. CSR is founded on ethics in business, but it is not confused with it because it goes beyond the mere formulation of values and ethical postulates (CSR is the implementation of a business ethic, generally associated with strategic business purposes). What is known as fair trade is a type of business activity that vindicates the fact of being socially responsible, but not the only one. The concept of socially responsible investment (SRI) is related to that of CSR, but focused on the investor's decision, not the entrepreneur's. The concept of socially responsible innovation is the convergence of philanthropic ends with needs for the development of new technologies and products (for this, donations of the company also serve as low-cost tests or tests). The concept of socially responsible consumption (CSR) focuses on a perspective of consumers, insofar as they enter among their criteria of purchasing decision the ethical, social, labor, ecological and solidarity. The great problem for its effective development lies in the lack of information and transparency of the companies. It is often simplified to exclusion criteria, that is, stop buy products and services from companies whose unreliable behavior has appeared in the press (Gottschalk, 2011). The concept of socially responsible territories (SRT) is linked to programs, in promoted by local public administrations, to develop projects for cooperation between the public sector, the business sector and the third sector (NGOs). Finally, the concept of social corporate marketing (SCM) is very linked and part of the idea that all marketing actions can include, and even be essentially linked to interests that not only include the goal of who makes the investment, but of entities with which it interacts and that serve as a another way to improve the quality of life of the community(Alvintzi Eder, 2010). The dilemma of Goodpaster and Mathews/ Role of corporation to stakeholders Kenneth E. Goodpaster and John B. Mathews, Jr., among others, have formulated the following dilemma: multinational corporations are so powerful that it is dangerous for them to interfere in social and political issues, but it is also dangerous that they only dedicate themselves to maximize their profits (Gottschalk, 2011). Consequently, if entering into social and political issues, they have certain possibilities to increase their profits, they will simply do so. There are certain international organizations that are responsible for delimiting possible the theoretical concept of CSR, whose guidelines serve as guidance for the companies that decide to travel along this road (Ravi Raman Lipschutz, 2010). Among the most prominent are: Global Compact of the United Nations Global Reporting Initiative (Initiative for Global Accountability) In addition, there are other national entities and initiatives with a specialization in issue of CSR, which are contributing in a decisive way to the creation and dissemination of a responsible culture among the organizations that make up the business fabric of each country (Hill, Schilling and Jones, n.d.). Strengths and weaknesses of Goodpaster shareholder theory They highlight the paradox of companies harmful to health or to the environment that claim improve their reputation through a rhetorical discourse about CSR (for example, a cigarette company that buys tobacco from poor farmers to counterbalance the criticisms about lung cancer). These type of companies consider CSR as a form of advertising (Ravi Raman Lipschutz, 2010). In the same way, the criticisms that can be found are directed to how the company capitalist builds a new paradigm in terms of the direct intervention of capital in what could be called "social risk management" or social conflict. That is to say: that in the face of a process of accumulation and concentration of capital on a large scale has increased the gap of income between rich and poor(Arnold, 2014). Subsequently, increase in poverty due to this concentration of wealth in a few hands, has generated exclusion and rising social conflicts. set their patterns of behavior and how to relate it to society, establishing own standards (Gond Moon, 2012). Other criticisms coming from the union sectors are part of this vision on CSR, and to this they add their criticism focused on the gradual abandonment on the part of the transnational companies of "tripartism" within international organizations as the International Labor Organization (ILO), where this practice works based on the participation of the business, workers and State sectors in the aforementioned body for the issuance of binding resolutions (Wang, n.d.). CSR is not necessarily a form of legal liability, because may well not be provided for in the laws and simply rest on the free decision of the companies. However, even when it is not supported by the law, the violation of A social commitment can cost companies strong criticisms from the public opinion (media sanctions) and even a loss of shareholders (sanctions) stock exchange). Some case studies illustrate how a company usually has commercial interest in being socially responsible (Jones, 2013). This does not constitute a response to criticism of Friedman (because the principle of Friedman, the principle of profit, continues to be fulfilled), it modifies it, because it is possible to obtain more profits when managing in a socially responsible. In modern companies, Social Responsibility Entrepreneurship is more than a set of specific practices, it is rather a program integrated and recognized "socially responsible" practices and policies, which supports making decisions and leads to long-term business success (Jones, 2013). The company, without CSR continues to function as an entity whose main objective is profit, but adapting to the demands of a new market increasingly concerned with the social and ecological problems that it produces. The ultimate goal would not be to alter production modes, but systemically integrate their harmful effects and contain them by offering programs that benefit the community(D. nselmi, 2011). Much of what is related to CSR is a moral issue. In this sense, moral issues may well be defined by whoever invokes it. For example, companies they cannot establish parameters of what they consider participation should be Social. Something more appropriate would be that the sector referred to above said participation - in this case social sectors (Phillips Freeman, 2011). This compares the cost of using resources with obtaining results. Costs usually include the cost of raw materials, energy, financial resources, labor, etc., and income between the results. Certainly, some "hidden" costs should be included, which are now paid by society as a whole but should be borne by the person who generates them, such as the deterioration of the environment, the cost of sick leave, the stress of management or the moral degradation of employees. Even today, environmental, safety and health or social requirements are marginalized, based on supposed economic reasons. It was agreed that things could be done better, but then they came out too expensive. The argument, although perhaps circumstantially true, was basically false. They did not come out as expensive due to the tolerance of society, in other words, the damage caused by bad environmental, labor or social management was not taxed (Wang, n.d.). Development cooperation We cannot reduce the issue to the fact that the social action of multinational companies can be interpreted in the key of cooperation for development, the private sector has a decisive role to play in the strategy of public-private partnerships to address the challenge of development in the more backward countries (Brigham et al., n.d.). However, assuming that company policies do not take into account geographic borders, it can be considered that, in parallel with the dimension of the local community, there is a broad social environment, whose interests are not easy to identify, since the interlocutor cannot be identified. To represent them However, CSR presupposes a commitment to take these interests into account. Conclusion The companies, together with other actors, have a certain responsibility for the current situation of the people and peoples who are affected by their actions. The only way to compensate for this diffuse impact is to accept a commitment to human rights and those values that guarantee dignified working and living conditions.(Durant, 2009) According to stakeholders theory advanced by these philosophers, stakeholders in their private capacity are the ones responsible for the social responsibility. In his book called Capitalism and Freedom, Friedman introduced the concept of totalitarianism where he argued that when a company concerns themselves in community development rather than making profits, the company suffers (Thompson, 2010). Best approach Fried man theory of stakeholder is much better than Mathews,Freeman and Evan. For freeman he argued that the corporations primary function is to utilize its resources to maximize its profits.He further argues that the stakeholders should be socially responsible in their private capacity. When the company combines both making profits and CSR it lead to totaliarism. This means that freedman theory is better because maximization of profits is leads to higher dividends to stakeholders who in turn give back to the society(Idowu Leal Filho, 2009). References Alvintzi, P., Eder, H. (2010).Crisis management. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Arnold, G. (2014).Corporate Financial Management. Harlow, United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited. nselmi, P. (2011).Values and Stakeholders in an Era of Social Responsibility. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. Durant, W. (2009).The story of philosophy. New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster. Gond, J., Moon, J. (2012).Corporate social responsibility. London: Routledge. Gottschalk, P. (2011).Corporate social responsibility, governance and corporate reputation. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific. Haerens, M., Zott, L. (2014).Corporate social responsibility. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. Hunnicutt, S. (2009).Corporate social responsibility. Detroit, MI: Greenhaven Press. Idowu, S., Leal Filho, W. (2009).Global practices of corporate social responsibility. New York: Springer. Jones, G. (2013).Organizational theory, design, and change. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Phillips, R., Freeman, R. (2011).Stakeholders. Cheltenham U.K.: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. Ravi Raman, K., Lipschutz, R. (2010).Corporate social responsibility. Basingstoke [England]: Palgrave Macmillan. Thompson, M. (2010).Philosophy. London: Teach Yourself. Palgrave Macmi